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ALS Untangled™

ALSUntangled™ reviews alternative and off label treatments (AOTs), with the goal of helping people with ALS make more informed decisions about them.

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Completed Reviews

Here you will find our published reports on AOTs, along with the grades we gave each of them in different categories, short summaries and even podcasts.  Click on the name of the review to open the published report, or click on the podcast link to listen to a short interview about it.  When new information about an AOT comes out after our published review, we update the summary and the assigned grades accordingly.  Summaries and grades that have been updated since a published review are annotated with an asterix.

Click on any completed review title or letter grade below for detailed information. Click on any column header (“Treatment”, “Mechanism”, etc.) to sort the entire table by that column. In addition, you can click here to view the complete table of evidence.

Treatment Podcast Mechanism Pre-Clinical Cases Trials Risks
Astaxanthin (2023) AUCUB
Ozone (2022) ADCUD
Rituximab (2022) DDFUF
Glucocorticoid Corticosteroids (2022) DFBFC
Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotics (2022) DUAUD
Butyrates (2022)
AACUC
Ketogenic Diets (2021)
BCDUD
Vitamin C (2021)
CCBFB
Melatonin (2021)
ACBUB
Light Therapy (2021)
DCDUA
Tamoxifen (2021)
ACCCD
Azathioprine (2020)
CUAFD
Proprionyl-L-Carnitine (2020)
AUUUB
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (2020)
ADCDB
L-Carnitine (2020)
ACFFB
LEAP2BFIT (2020)
CUBUD
Vitamin E (2020)
ACAFA
Vinpocetine (2020)
AUDUD
Anti-fungals (2020)
DUDUD/F
Glutathione (2019)
CCAFB
RCH4 (2019) UUCUU
Resveratrol (2019)
BBCUU
Perampanel (2019)
Updated: Jul 2022
B
Updated: Jul 2022
C
Updated: Jul 2022
D
Updated: Jul 2022
F
Updated: Jul 2022
F
Updated: Jul 2022
RT001 (2019)
Updated: Sep 2022
B
Updated: Sep 2022
F
Updated: Sep 2022
D
Updated: Sep 2022
D
Updated: Sep 2022
C
Updated: Sep 2022
Penicillin G/Hydrocortisone (2018)
Updated: Oct 2020
D
Updated: Oct 2020
U
Updated: Oct 2020
D
Updated: Oct 2020
F
Updated: Oct 2020
D
Updated: Oct 2020
Antiretrovirals (2018)
Updated: May 2022
D
Updated: May 2022
C
Updated: May 2022
U
Updated: May 2022
C
Updated: May 2022
U
Updated: May 2022
Curcumin (2018)
Updated: Jan 2023
C
Updated: Jan 2023
C
Updated: Jan 2023
B
Updated: Jan 2023
F
Updated: Jan 2023
B/D
Updated: Jan 2023
Copper (2017)
DUFUD
Copper ATSM (2017)
B/CADUU
Basis (2017)
Updated: Jan 2023
C
Updated: Jan 2023
U
Updated: Jan 2023
U
Updated: Jan 2023
D
Updated: Jan 2023
C
Updated: Jan 2023
Eric is Winning (2017)
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
Ayahuasca (2017)
Updated: Mar 2021
C
Updated: Mar 2021
U
Updated: Mar 2021
D
Updated: Mar 2021
U
Updated: Mar 2021
D/F
Updated: Mar 2021
Acuscope (2017)
Updated: Oct 2021
D
Updated: Oct 2021
U
Updated: Oct 2021
F
Updated: Oct 2021
U
Updated: Oct 2021
B
Updated: Oct 2021
L-Serine (2016)
Updated: Apr 2022
B
Updated: Apr 2022
C
Updated: Apr 2022
B
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
C
Updated: Apr 2022
Hyperbaric Oxygen (2016)
Updated: Nov 2021
B
Updated: Nov 2021
C
Updated: Nov 2021
C
Updated: Nov 2021
F
Updated: Nov 2021
D
Updated: Nov 2021
Inosine (2016)
Updated: Jan 2022
A
Updated: Jan 2022
U
Updated: Jan 2022
D
Updated: Jan 2022
U
Updated: Jan 2022
C
Updated: Jan 2022
Accilion (2016)
Updated: Dec 2020
F
Updated: Dec 2020
U
Updated: Dec 2020
C
Updated: Dec 2020
U
Updated: Dec 2020
C
Updated: Dec 2020
GM604 (2016)
Updated: May 2022
D
Updated: May 2022
D
Updated: May 2022
D
Updated: May 2022
F
Updated: May 2022
U
Updated: May 2022
Precision Stem Cell (2016)
Updated: Jul 2022
B
Updated: Jul 2022
C
Updated: Jul 2022
D
Updated: Jul 2022
U
Updated: Jul 2022
C
Updated: Jul 2022
Endotherapia (2016)
Updated: Jan 2022
D
Updated: Jan 2022
C
Updated: Jan 2022
D
Updated: Jan 2022
D
Updated: Jan 2022
U
Updated: Jan 2022
Gluten-Free Diet (2015)
Updated: Jan 2022
C
Updated: Jan 2022
U
Updated: Jan 2022
A
Updated: Jan 2022
U
Updated: Jan 2022
C
Updated: Jan 2022
Protandim (2015)
Updated: Nov 2021
B
Updated: Nov 2021
U
Updated: Nov 2021
C
Updated: Nov 2021
U
Updated: Nov 2021
C
Updated: Nov 2021
Methylcobalamin (2015)
Updated: May 2022
A
Updated: May 2022
C
Updated: May 2022
D
Updated: May 2022
A
Updated: May 2022
B
Updated: May 2022
Mito Q (2015)
Updated: Sep 2021
B
Updated: Sep 2021
C
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
Acupuncture (2015)
BCADD
Lunasin (2014)
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
F
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
TUDCA (2014)
Updated: Jan 2023
C
Updated: Jan 2023
U
Updated: Jan 2023
B
Updated: Jan 2023
A
Updated: Jan 2023
B
Updated: Jan 2023
Vitamin D (2014)
Updated: Jun 2022
C
Updated: Jun 2022
C
Updated: Jun 2022
F
Updated: Jun 2022
D
Updated: Jun 2022
B
Updated: Jun 2022
Rife Machine and Retroviruses (2014)
Updated: Feb 2021
F
Updated: Feb 2021
U
Updated: Feb 2021
D
Updated: Feb 2021
U
Updated: Feb 2021
B
Updated: Feb 2021
Propofol (2013)
Updated: Sep 2021
C
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
Fecal Transplants (2013)
Updated: Jul 2022
B
Updated: Jul 2022
B
Updated: Jul 2022
A
Updated: Jul 2022
U
Updated: Jul 2022
B
Updated: Jul 2022
Deanna Protocol (2013)
Updated: Nov 2021
B
Updated: Nov 2021
C
Updated: Nov 2021
D
Updated: Nov 2021
U
Updated: Nov 2021
B
Updated: Nov 2021
Sodium Chlorite Oral (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
F
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
F
Updated: Apr 2022
Sodium Chlorite WF10 (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
A
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
C
Updated: Apr 2022
Sodium Chlorite NP001 (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
A
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
F
Updated: Apr 2022
B
Updated: Apr 2022
Apoaequorin (Prevagen) (2012)
Updated: Jul 2022
C
Updated: Jul 2022
U
Updated: Jul 2022
D
Updated: Jul 2022
U
Updated: Jul 2022
D
Updated: Jul 2022
When ALS Is Lyme (2012)
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
B
Updated: Sep 2021
Cannabis (2012)
Updated: Apr 2021
C
Updated: Apr 2021
C
Updated: Apr 2021
B
Updated: Apr 2021
U
Updated: Apr 2021
U
Updated: Apr 2021
Coconut Oil (2012)
Updated: Sep 2021
C
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
B
Updated: Sep 2021
Mototab (2012)
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
Bee Venom (2011)
Updated: Apr 2021
C
Updated: Apr 2021
C
Updated: Apr 2021
D
Updated: Apr 2021
U
Updated: Apr 2021
B
Updated: Apr 2021
Dean Kraft, Energy Healer (2011)
Updated: Aug 2021
F
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
A
Updated: Aug 2021
Luteolin and Lutimax (2011)
Updated: Mar 2021
C
Updated: Mar 2021
U
Updated: Mar 2021
D
Updated: Mar 2021
U
Updated: Mar 2021
B
Updated: Mar 2021
NuTech Mediworld (2011)
Updated: Apr 2022
C
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
F
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
U
Updated: Apr 2022
Spirulina (blue green algae) as a treatment for ALS (2011)
Updated: Jan 2021
C
Updated: Jan 2021
C
Updated: Jan 2021
U
Updated: Jan 2021
U
Updated: Jan 2021
U
Updated: Jan 2021
Low dose naltrexone for ALS (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
B
Updated: Sep 2021
Hyperimmune Goat Serum for ALS (2010)
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
F
Updated: Aug 2021
Marty Murray’s Method (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
F
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
D
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
The Stowe/Morales ALS Protocol (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
C
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
U
Updated: Sep 2021
The XCell-Center (2010)
Updated: May 2021
C
Updated: May 2021
U
Updated: May 2021
D
Updated: May 2021
U
Updated: May 2021
D
Updated: May 2021
Stem cell transplants at the Hospital San Jose Tecnologico de Monterrey (2010)
Updated: Nov 2021
D
Updated: Nov 2021
U
Updated: Nov 2021
U
Updated: Nov 2021
D
Updated: Nov 2021
F
Updated: Nov 2021
The Hickey Wellness Center (2009)
Updated: Aug 2021
D
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
C
Updated: Aug 2021
U
Updated: Aug 2021
B
Updated: Aug 2021
Iplex (2009)
Updated: Apr 2022
C
Updated: Apr 2022
A
Updated: Apr 2022
B
Updated: Apr 2022
D
Updated: Apr 2022
F
Updated: Apr 2022
Astaxanthin (2023)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Ozone (2022)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Rituximab (2022)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: F
Glucocorticoid Corticosteroids (2022)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: F
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: C
Anti-Mycobacterial Antibiotics (2022)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Butyrates (2022)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: A
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Podcast
Ketogenic Diets (2021)
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Vitamin C (2021)
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: B
Podcast
Melatonin (2021)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
Light Therapy (2021)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: A
Podcast
Tamoxifen (2021)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: C
Risks: D
Podcast
Azathioprine (2020)
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: D
Podcast
Proprionyl-L-Carnitine (2020)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
Acetyl-L-Carnitine (2020)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: B
Podcast
L-Carnitine (2020)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: B
Podcast
LEAP2BFIT (2020)
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Vitamin E (2020)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: A
Podcast
Vinpocetine (2020)
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Anti-fungals (2020)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D/F
Podcast
Glutathione (2019)
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: B
RCH4 (2019)
Mechanism: U
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Resveratrol (2019)
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: B
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Perampanel (2019)
Updated: Jul 2022
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: F
Podcast
RT001 (2019)
Updated: Sep 2022
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: F
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: C
Podcast
Penicillin G/Hydrocortisone (2018)
Updated: Oct 2020
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: D
Podcast
Antiretrovirals (2018)
Updated: May 2022
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: C
Risks: U
Podcast
Curcumin (2018)
Updated: Jan 2023
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: B/D
Podcast
Copper (2017)
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Copper ATSM (2017)
Mechanism: B/C
Pre-Clinical: A
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Basis (2017)
Updated: Jan 2023
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: C
Podcast
Eric is Winning (2017)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Ayahuasca (2017)
Updated: Mar 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D/F
Podcast
Acuscope (2017)
Updated: Oct 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
L-Serine (2016)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: C
Podcast
Hyperbaric Oxygen (2016)
Updated: Nov 2021
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: D
Podcast
Inosine (2016)
Updated: Jan 2022
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Podcast
Accilion (2016)
Updated: Dec 2020
Mechanism: F
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
GM604 (2016)
Updated: May 2022
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: U
Precision Stem Cell (2016)
Updated: Jul 2022
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Endotherapia (2016)
Updated: Jan 2022
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: U
Podcast
Gluten-Free Diet (2015)
Updated: Jan 2022
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Podcast
Protandim (2015)
Updated: Nov 2021
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Podcast
Methylcobalamin (2015)
Updated: May 2022
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: A
Risks: B
Podcast
Mito Q (2015)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Acupuncture (2015)
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: D
Podcast
Lunasin (2014)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: D
Podcast
TUDCA (2014)
Updated: Jan 2023
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: A
Risks: B
Podcast
Vitamin D (2014)
Updated: Jun 2022
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: B
Podcast
Rife Machine and Retroviruses (2014)
Updated: Feb 2021
Mechanism: F
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
Propofol (2013)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
Fecal Transplants (2013)
Updated: Jul 2022
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: B
Cases: A
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
Deanna Protocol (2013)
Updated: Nov 2021
Mechanism: B
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Sodium Chlorite Oral (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: F
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: F
Sodium Chlorite WF10 (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: C
Sodium Chlorite NP001 (2013)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: A
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: F
Risks: B
Podcast
Apoaequorin (Prevagen) (2012)
Updated: Jul 2022
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Podcast
When ALS Is Lyme (2012)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Podcast
Cannabis (2012)
Updated: Apr 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Coconut Oil (2012)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Mototab (2012)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Bee Venom (2011)
Updated: Apr 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Dean Kraft, Energy Healer (2011)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: F
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: A
Podcast
Luteolin and Lutimax (2011)
Updated: Mar 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
NuTech Mediworld (2011)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: F
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Spirulina (blue green algae) as a treatment for ALS (2011)
Updated: Jan 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: C
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
Podcast
Low dose naltrexone for ALS (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Hyperimmune Goat Serum for ALS (2010)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: D
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: F
Marty Murray’s Method (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: F
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
The Stowe/Morales ALS Protocol (2010)
Updated: Sep 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: U
The XCell-Center (2010)
Updated: May 2021
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: D
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: D
Stem cell transplants at the Hospital San Jose Tecnologico de Monterrey (2010)
Updated: Nov 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: U
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: F
The Hickey Wellness Center (2009)
Updated: Aug 2021
Mechanism: D
Pre-Clinical: U
Cases: C
Clinical Trials: U
Risks: B
Iplex (2009)
Updated: Apr 2022
Mechanism: C
Pre-Clinical: A
Cases: B
Clinical Trials: D
Risks: F

Mechanistic plausibility

Grade A: Shown in a peer-reviewed publication to act on a relevant mechanism in humans

Mechanistic plausibility

Grade B: Shown in a peer-reviewed publication to act on a relevant mechanism in pre-clinical model(s)

Mechanistic plausibility - C

Grade C: Theoretically and plausibly acts on an ALS-relevant mechanism in humans

Mechanistic plausibility

Grade D: Acts on a biological mechanism but it is not clear that this mechanism is relevant in ALS

Mechanistic plausibility

Grade F: Implausible; would violate known principles or laws of biology

Mechanistic plausibility

Grade U: No useful information was found for this category

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade A: Two or more peer-reviewed publications reporting benefits in well-designed studies.

Animal studies are assumed to be ‘well designed’ when they follow published guidelines. When they deviate from these they are considered ‘flawed’.

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade B: One peer-reviewed publication reporting benefits in a well-designed study.

Animal studies are assumed to be ‘well designed’ when they follow published guidelines. When they deviate from these they are considered ‘flawed’.

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade C: One or more peer-reviewed publication(s) reporting benefits in flawed studies.

Animal studies are assumed to be ‘well designed’ when they follow published guidelines. When they deviate from these they are considered ‘flawed’.

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade D: One or more non-peer reviewed studies reporting benefits (published on a website or in an abstract)

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade F: The only studies available show no benefit

Pre-clinical models (animal or cell models recognized by ALSUntangled reviewers to be relevant to ALS)

Grade U: No useful information was found for this category

Patient case reports

Grade A: One or more peer-reviewed publications reporting benefits with validated diagnosis and benefits

Patient case reports

Grade B: More than one unpublished report of benefit with validated diagnosis and benefits

Patient case reports

Grade C: One unpublished report of benefit with validated diagnosis and benefits

Patient case reports

Grade D: Subjective report(s) of benefit without validated diagnoses and/or benefits

Patient case reports

Grade F: The only reports available show no benefit

Patient case reports

Grade U: No useful information was found for this category

Patient trials

Two or more peer-reviewed publications describing benefits in well-designed randomized, blinded placebo-controlled phase III trials

Patient trials

Grade C: One or more peer-reviewed publications reporting benefits in a well-designed randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled phase I or II trial

Patient trials

Grade D: One or more peer-reviewed publications reporting benefits in a flawed trial.

Flawed trials means those in which there are identifiable problems with patient selection, randomization, blinding, controls or follow-up. These have ‘high or unclear risk of bias’ according to published criteria. Well-designed trials are those that have ‘low risk of bias’.

Patient trials

Grade F: The only trials available show no benefit

Patient trials

Grade U: No useful information was found for this category

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade A: No exposed patients appear to have experienced harms

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade B: More than 0% but less than 10% of exposed patients experienced harms (no hospitalizations or deaths)

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade B (oral): More than 0% but less than10% of exposed patients experienced harms (no hospitalizations or deaths)

Grade D (intravenous): More than 0% but less than 5% of exposed patients experienced death or hospitalizations

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade C: At least 10% of exposed patients experienced harms (no hospitalizations or deaths)

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade D: More than 0% but less than 5% of exposed patients experienced death or hospitalizations

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade D: More than 0% but less than 5% of exposed patients experienced death or hospitalizations

Grade F: At least 5% of exposed patients experienced death or hospitalization

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade F: At least 5% of exposed patients experienced death or hospitalization

Risks (harms that occurred on this treatment)

Grade U: No useful information was found for this category

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